Rabbit anti-Saporin Polyclonal Antibody (Unconjugated), suitable for WB, IHC-Frozen, ELISA.
Background Info:
Saporin is a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) of type I. This monomeric RNA N-glycosidase purified from seeds of the plant Saponaria officinalis also known as Soapwort, is capable of specific depurination of eukaryotic ribosomes thus arresting protein synthesis. No ligand has been identified in saporin hence its inability to transverse the cell membrane. Due to its toxicity and stability of the structure, saporin has proven extremely useful for construction of immunotoxins. The expected molecular weight of the purified saporin is 29.5 kDa.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Plant
Immunogen:
Saporin, whole molecule
Applications:
ELISA,IHC-Frozen,WB
Antibody Isotype:
Mixed
Application Details:
IHC, Immunofluorescence, ELISA, Western Blot. A dilution of 1:200 to 1: 2000 is recommended. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Alternative Names:
Saponaria officinalis; Common soapwort
Biosensis Brand:
Biosensis®
Conjugate:
Unconjugated
Shelf Life:
12 months after date of receipt (unopened vial).
Use:
For research use only.
Specificity:
Confirmed to react with purified saporin. No cross-reactivity with other molecules has been reported.
Storage:
After reconstitution keep aliquots at -20°C for a higher stability, and at 2-8°C with an appropriate antibacterial agent. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles. Glycerol (1:1) may be added for an additional stability.
Ribosome-inactivating Purified Protein saporin-6 (Saporin), Purified Native Purified Protein, suitable for WB.
Background Info:
Saporin is a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) of type I. This monomeric RNA N-glycosidase purified from seeds of the plant Saponaria officinalis also known as Soapwort, is capable of specific depurination of eukaryotic ribosomes thus arresting protein synthesis. No ligand has been identified in saporin hence its inability to transverse the cell membrane. Due to its toxicity and stability of the structure, saporin has proven extremely useful for construction of immunotoxins. Biosensis Saporin is purified in-house and available in bulk reuqest upon request as well.
Product Type:
Protein
Format:
Lyophilized
Applications:
WB
Alternative Names:
Saponaria officinalis; Common soapwort; ribosome inactivating protein saporin-6; SAP-6; SO-6; rRNA N-glycosidase
Biosensis Brand:
Biosensis®
Shelf Life:
12 months after date of receipt (unopened vial).
Use:
For research use only.
Storage:
Keep lyophilized protein at 2-8ºC. Aliquot and keep at -20°C for long-term storage. For short term keep aliquots at 2-8ºC. Avoid repetitive freeze/thaw cycles.
Purification:
> 95% by SDS-PAGE. Purified from seeds of the plant Saponaria officinalis.
EBS-I-100 reacts with C. difficile Toxin A, but not with V. cholerae subunit a, V. cholerae toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, H-LT, P-LT. C. difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen that causes antibiotic-associated colitis and mediates inflammatory diarrhea by releasing two large protein enterotoxins (toxin A and toxin B) that are able to disrupt intestinal epithelial cells via their transferase activity and ability to monoglucosylate members of the Rho family. C. difficile toxin A is a toxin that is composed of 39 repeats that are responsible for binding to intestinal epithelial cell surface carbohydrates. C. difficile toxin A causes significant apoptosis of colonocytes which contributes to the formation of ulcers and pseudo-membranes in a pathway that involves p38-dependent activation of p53 and induction of p21, leading to cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation through Bak activation.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG3-K
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
EBS-I-100
Concentration:
100 ug/ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Kim H, et al, Gastroenterology 129: 1875-1888 (2005)
References 2:
Carter JP, et al, Gut Microbes. 1(1): 5864 (2010)
The monoclonal antibody 13C4 recognizes the 1B subunit of Shiga-like toxin 1. Shiga-like toxins (SLTs), are also called Verotoxins. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains which are primarily of serotypes 0157:H7, 026:H11 and O111:H8 have been incriminated as etiologic agents of hemorrhagic colitis and Hemolytic-uremic syndrome, a generalized disease characterized by acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. There are several distinct E.coli SLTs. SLT-I and SLT-II are produced by EHEC. SLT-I and Shiga toxin share;99% deduced amino acid sequence homology, whereas SLT-I and SLT-II share about 60% deduced amino acid sequence homology. SLT-I and SLT-II are antigenically distinct. The protein structure of the toxin consists of two domains: the A polypeptide that inhibits protein synthesis by targeting ribosomes, and the B polypeptide pentamer that binds to the eukaryotic cell receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) leading to receptor-mediated endocytosis.
The monoclonal antibody JC4 is specific for Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 and the highly related Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 2 (CNF1 and CNF2) of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. CNF1 and 2 belong to a family of bacterial toxins that target the small GTP-binding Rho proteins that regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Members of this toxin family typically inactivate Rho; however, CNF1 and the CNF2 activate Rho by deamidation. CNF1 is more frequently associated with E.coli strains that cause extraintestitinal infections in humans, particularly those of the urinary tract (such as cystitis, pyelonephritis and prostatitis). In CNF1-producing uropathogenic E. coli strains, CNF1 is chromosomally encoded and typically resides on a pathogenicity island that also contains hemolysin and P fimbria- related genes. Both CNF1 and the highly related, plasmid-encoded CNF2 are monomeric, cytoplasmic toxins of approximately 115 kDa. CNF1 can be structurally organized into three functional domains the N-terminal binding domain, central and the C-terminal domain. The latter exhibits the catalytic activity of the toxin. Monoclonal antibody JC4 recognizes an epitope between amino acids 169 to 191 of the N-terminal binding domain. JC4 neutralizes only CNF1.
The monoclonal antibody NG8 is specific for Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1) of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. CNF1 and CNF2 belong to a family of bacterial toxins that target the small GTP-binding Rho proteins that regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Members of this toxin family typically inactivate Rho; however, CNF1 and the highly related CNF2 activate Rho by deamidation. CNF1 is more frequently associated with E.coli strains that cause extraintestitinal infections in humans, particularly those of the urinary tract (such as cystitis, pyelonephritis and prostatitis). In CNF1-producing uropathogenic E. coli strains, CNF1 is chromosomally encoded and typically resides on a pathogenicity island that also contains hemolysin and P fimbria- related genes. Both CNF1 and the highly related, plasmid-encoded CNF2 are monomeric, cytoplasmic toxins of approximately 115 kDa. CNF1 can be structurally organized into three functional domains the N-terminal, central and the C-terminal domain. The latter exhibits the catalytic activity of the toxin. Monoclonal antibody NG8 recognizes an epitope between amino acids 704 and 730 of the C-terminal enzymatic domain. NG8 specifically neutralizes CNF1 while lacking activity for CNF2.
The monoclonal antibody 6D8 recognizes the extracellular domain of human desmoglein-2. Desmogleins and desmocollins are members of the cadherin family of transmembrane proteins that together make up the core of the desmosome, a structure that provides transmembrane strength to tissues undergoing mechanical stress. The desmosomal cadherins, desmogleins and desmocollins, mediate calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion by forming homotypic and heterotypic interactions with one another. The multiprotein desmosomal complex also includes the cytoplasmic desmosomal plaque proteins plakoglobin, phakophilins, and desmoplakin, which bind to the intracellular domain of the desmogleins and function to anchor the keratin intermediate filament network to site of cellcell contacts.<br /> In human, four desmogleins have been identified (Dsg14). Desmogleins are synthesized with a signal peptide that directs them to the endoplasmic reticulum and a proregion that is removed during protein processing. The mature protein includes four highly conserved extracellular domains (EC 14) and a fifth membrane proximal, more variable EC domain that is referred to as the &ldquo;extracellular anchor domain. Desmoglein-2 is expressed on various cells including simple epithelia and myocardium, tumors and and many cell cultures.<br /> Desmogleins play critical roles in cell adhesion and skin blistering diseases, as they are the target antigens of autoimmune antibodies and bacterial toxins. Desmosomal dysfunction has been implicated in a number of diseases, including striate palmoplantar keratoderma, skin fragility, and ectodermal dysplasia, and most recently arrhythmic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).
AFT14 reacts with Aflatoxin B1 and B2, a 55 kDA protein secreted by Aspergillus. The aflatoxins are a group of closely related mycotoxins that are widely distributed in nature. The most important of the group is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which has a range of biological activities, including acute toxicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. In order for AFB1 to exert its effects, it must be converted to its reactive epoxide by the action of the mixed function mono-oxygenase enzyme systems (cytochrome P450- dependent) in the tissues (in particular, the liver) of the affected animal. This epoxide is highly reactive and can form derivatives with several cellular macromolecules, including DNA, RNA, and protein. Cytochrome p450 enzymes may additionally catalyse the hydroxylation (to AFQ1 and AFM1) and demethylation (to AFP1) of the parent AFB1 molecule, resulting in products less toxic than AFB1. Conjugation of AFB1 to glutathione (mediated by glutathione Stransferase) and its subsequent excretion is regarded as an important detoxification pathway in animals. Aflatoxins are well recognized as a cause of liver cancer, but they have additional important toxic effects. Aflatoxin B1 is a potent hepatocarcinogenic and mutagenic mycotoxin of Aspergillus flavus.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG2a,kappa
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
AFT14/CBL03
Concentration:
100 ug/ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
F S Chu and I Ueno, Appl Environ Microbiol 33(5): 11251128 (1977)
References 2:
Groopman, JD. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 7728-7731 (1984)
Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus. Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known. Crops which are frequently affected by Asperiillus include cereals (maize, sorghum, pearl millet, rice, wheat), oilseeds (peanut, soybean, sunflower, cotton), spices (chile peppers, black pepper, coriander, turmeric, ginger), and tree nuts (almond, pistachio, walnut, coconut, brazil nut).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Lyophilized powder is stable for a minimum of 2 years at -20 °C. Reconstitute in distilled water before use. Store reconstituted antibodies at 4°Cfor up to a month and make aliquots for extended storage.
Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus. Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known. Crops which are frequently affected by Asperiillus include cereals (maize, sorghum, pearl millet, rice, wheat), oilseeds (peanut, soybean, sunflower, cotton), spices (chile peppers, black pepper, coriander, turmeric, ginger), and tree nuts (almond, pistachio, walnut, coconut, brazil nut).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Lyophilized powder is stable for a minimum of 2 years at -20 °C. Reconstitute in distilled water before use. Store reconstituted antibodies at 4°Cfor up to a month and make aliquots for extended storage.
Zearalenone is a RAL and F-2 mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium and Gibberella species. It is a potent estrogenic metabolite and is the primary toxin causing infertility, abortion or other breeding problems, especially in swine. Zearalenone is found in a many cereal crops, such as maize, barley, oats, wheat, rice, sorghum as well as in bread all over the world.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Lyophilized powder is stable for a minimum of 2 years at -20 °C. Reconstitute in distilled water before use. Store reconstituted antibodies at 4°Cfor up to a month and make aliquots for extended storage.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Antibody detects zearalenone mycotoxin of Fusarium sp.
Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus. Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known. Crops which are frequently affected by Asperiillus include cereals (maize, sorghum, pearl millet, rice, wheat), oilseeds (peanut, soybean, sunflower, cotton), spices (chile peppers, black pepper, coriander, turmeric, ginger), and tree nuts (almond, pistachio, walnut, coconut, brazil nut).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Lyophilized powder is stable for a minimum of 2 years at -20 °C. Reconstitute in distilled water before use. Store reconstituted antibodies at 4°Cfor up to a month and make aliquots for extended storage.
Host Animal:
Mouse
Species Reactivity:
Antibody detects aflatoxin B1 from Aspergillus sp.
In Brassicaceae, the enzyme myrosinase (beta-thioglucoside glucohydrolase, TGG) degrades glucosinolates to produce toxins like thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, nitriles, epithionitriles or oxazolidine- 2-thiones that deter herbivory. There are two TGG enzymes, TGG1 and TGG2, which have a redundant function. Cellular localization: vacuole.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Liquid at 2 mg/ml.
Storage Temp:
Store at -20 °C; once reconstituted make aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Please remember to spin the tubes briefly prior to opening them to avoid any losses that might occur from material adhering to the cap or sides of the tube.
Host Animal:
Rabbit
Species Reactivity:
Arabidopsis thaliana
Expected Species:
Species of your interest not listed? Contact us
Immunogen:
BSA-conjugated peptide, derived from N-terminus of Arabidopsis thaliana TGG1, UniProt: P37702, TAIR: At5g26000
Applications:
ELISA (ELISA), Immunogold (IG), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot (WB)
Total IgG. Protein A purified in PBS, 50% glycerol. Filter sterilized.
Molecular Weight:
61 | 77 kDa
Not reactive in:
No confirmed exceptions from predicted reactivity are currently known
Selected references:
Farid et al. (2011). Arabidopsis thaliana alpha1,2-glucosyltransferase (ALG10) is required for efficient N-glycosylation and leaf growth. Plant J. 2011 Oct;68(2):314-25.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04688.x. (Western blot)Shirakawa et al. (2010). Arabidopsis Qa-SNARE SYP2 proteins localized to different subcellular regions function redundantly in vacuolar protein sorting and plant development. Plant J. 2010 Dec;64(6):924-35.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04394.x. (Western blot)Ueda et al. (2006). AtVAM3 is required for normal specification of idioblasts, myrosin cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 2006 Jan;47(1):164-75. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pci232. (Immunlocalization, Western blot).
Major allergen Alt a 1 (allergen Alt a 1), ALTA1 is a unique beta-barrel protein dimer found in fungi, Alternaria, most common mold, associated with allergic diseses like asthma.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Liquid
Storage Temp:
Store at -20 °C or -80 C, avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Make aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Please remember to spin the tubes briefly prior to opening them to avoid any losses that might occur from material adhering to the cap or sides of the tube.
Botulinum toxin is a toxin produced by the anaerobic, gram-positive, bacterium of the genus Clostridium (C. botulinum, C. butyricum, C. baratii and C. argentinense). These strains are widely distributed and can be found in soil and dust. Eight types of botulinum toxin are distinguished, named type A–H. Type A and B are capable of causing disease in humans (botulism) and have longest activity in vivo, and are also used commercially (BOTOX) and medically. Types C–G are less common; types E and F can cause disease in humans, while the other types cause disease in other animals. BotB is cleaved into two chains: heavy and light. Alternative name: Bontoxilysin-B
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Lyophilized antibody can be stored at -20 °C for up to 3 years. Re-constituted antibody can be stored at 4°Cfor several days to weeks. Once reconstituted make aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Please remember to spin the tubes briefly prior to opening them to avoid any losses that might occur from material adhering to the cap or sides of the tube.
PTOX (plastid terminal oxidase) is a component of electron transfer chain responsible for desaturation of phytoene, which prevents the generation of reactive oxygen species. It is involved in the differentiation of plastids: chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and etioplasts. PTOX is expressed ubiquitously in plant tissues and is located in the lumen.Synonymes: IM, IM1, immutants, AOX4, alternative oxidase 4, ubiquinol oxidase 4, chloroplastic/chromoplastic
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Store lyophilized/reconstituted at -20 °C; once reconstituted make aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Please remember to spin the tubes briefly prior to opening them to avoid any losses that might occur from material adhering to the cap or sides of the tube.
In most plants it is a minor polypeptide and consequently enrichment by analyzing membrane fractions for example is recommended
Application Details:
1 : 4000 (WB)
Purity:
Serum
Reconstitution:
For reconstitution add 100 µl of sterile water
Molecular Weight:
30 | 37-41 kDa (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Not reactive in:
Galdieria sulphuraria, Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Selected references:
Urban, Rogowski & Romanowska (2022), Crucial role of the PTOX and CET pathways in optimizing ATP synthesis in mesophyll chloroplasts of C3 and C4 plants, Environmental and Experimental Botany, Volume 202, October 2022, 105024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2022.105024Pralon et al. (2020). Mutation of the Atypical Kinase ABC1K3 Partially Rescues the PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 6 Phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front. Plant Sci., 25 March 2020Bolte et al. (2020). Dynamics of the localization of the plastid terminal oxidase PTOX inside the chloroplast. J Exp Bot. 2020 Feb 15. pii: eraa074. doi: 10.1093/jxb/eraa074.Cournac et al. (2000b). Flexibility in photosynthetic electron transport: a newly identified chloroplast oxidase involved in chlororespiration. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2000 Oct 29;355(1402):1447-54Cournac et al. (2000a). Electron flow between photosystem II and oxygen in chloroplasts of photosystem I-deficient algae is mediated by a quinol oxidase involved in chlororespiration. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 9;275(23):17256-62.
Special application note:
This product can be sold containing proclin if requested
Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus. Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known. Crops which are frequently affected by Asperiillus include cereals (maize, sorghum, pearl millet, rice, wheat), oilseeds (peanut, soybean, sunflower, cotton), spices (chile peppers, black pepper, coriander, turmeric, ginger), and tree nuts (almond, pistachio, walnut, coconut, brazil nut).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Store lyophilized/reconstituted at -20 °C; once reconstituted make aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Please remember to spin the tubes briefly prior to opening them to avoid any losses that might occur from material adhering to the cap or sides of the tube.
Antibodies are in a format of total IgG purified on protein G
Application Details:
The optimal working dilution should be determined by the investigator
Purity:
Total IgG. Protein G purified in PBS pH 7.4.
Reconstitution:
For reconstitution add 0,5 ml of sterile water
Not reactive in:
No confirmed exceptions from predicted reactivity are currently known
Selected references:
Indyk et al. (2019). Development and Application of an Optical Biosensor Immunoassay for Aflatoxin M1 in Bovine Milk. Food Anal. Methods (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-019-01621-5. Mohamadi Sani et al. (2018). Aflatoxin M1 contamination and antibiotic residue in milk in Khorasan province, Iran. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Aug-Sep;48(8-9):2130-2. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.015.
Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus. Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known. Crops which are frequently affected by Asperiillus include cereals (maize, sorghum, pearl millet, rice, wheat), oilseeds (peanut, soybean, sunflower, cotton), spices (chile peppers, black pepper, coriander, turmeric, ginger), and tree nuts (almond, pistachio, walnut, coconut, brazil nut).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Store lyophilized/reconstituted at -20 °C; once reconstituted make aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Please remember to spin the tubes briefly prior to opening them to avoid any losses that might occur from material adhering to the cap or sides of the tube.
ATG8 (Autophagy-related protein 8) is involved in degradation and recycling of intracellular components in a process of autophagy. ATG8 is a molecular autophagy marker in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (P rez-P rez et al. 2010, Plant Physiol. 152: 1874-88).
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Store lyophilized/reconstituted at -20 °C; once reconstituted make aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Please remember to spin the tubes briefly prior to opening them to avoid any losses that might occur from material adhering to the cap or sides of the tube.
For Arabidopsis thaliana the signal obtained using ATG8 antibodies is cleaner in case of roots compare to leaf material. For best results please follow extraction protocol described in lvarez et al. (2012). ATG8 signal corresponds to the two bands of 17 kDa.Preparation of a cell extract from Arabidopsis thaliana:A. Plants were first subjected to autophagy activating conditions: nutrient (nitrogen or carbon) limitation or oxidative stress in order to activate this degradative process.B. Total protein extracts can be obtained as described by lvarez. Leaves are grinded in liquid nitrogen with a minimal volume of extraction buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 400 mM sucrose, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 10 mg/ml sodium deoxycholate, 10 g/ml of leupeptin, 10 g/ml of pepstatin A, 4% (v/v) protease inhibitor cocktail from Roche).C. Cell debris is removed by centrifuging at 500 g for 10 min at 4 C.Important note:It is recommendable to use bigger gels in order to get a better resolution of ATG8 bands. Midi-protean gels are better than mini-gels. There are 9 ATG8 isoforms and this antibody will likely recognizes all of them.For immunolocalization protocol, please inquire.
Application Details:
1 : 1000 (IL), 1 : 1000-1 : 2000 (WB)
Purity:
Serum
Reconstitution:
For reconstitution add 50 l of sterile water
Molecular Weight:
15,2 | 15 kDa
Not reactive in:
Cuscuta chinensis
Selected references:
Sun et al. (2022) Genome of Paspalum vaginatum and the role of trehalose mediated autophagy in increasing maize biomass. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):7731. Published 2022 Dec 13. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35507-8Cao et al. (2022) Autophagic pathway contributes to low-nitrogen tolerance by optimizing nitrogen uptake and utilization in tomato. Hortic Res. 2022 Mar 23;9:uhac068. doi: 10.1093/hr/uhac068. PMID: 35669705; PMCID: PMC9164271.Samperna et al (2022). Cyclopaldic Acid, the Main Phytotoxic Metabolite of Diplodia cupressi, Induces Programmed Cell Death and Autophagy in Arabidopsis thaliana. Toxins (Basel). 2022 Jul 11;14(7):474. doi: 10.3390/toxins14070474. PMID: 35878212; PMCID: PMC9325063.Zharova et al. (2022) Role of Autophagy in Haematococcus lacustris Cell Growth under Salinity. Plants. 2022; 11(2):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020197 (immunofluorescence)Mishra et al. (2021) Interplay between abiotic (drought) and biotic (virus) stresses in tomato plants. Mol Plant Pathol. 2021 Dec 30. doi: 10.1111/mpp.13172. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34970822.
Special application note:
This product can be sold containing ProClin if requested.This antibody is recognizing 1 ng of recombinant CrATG8. Antigen used to elicit this antibody is conserved from 70-80 % in following ATG protein from Arabidopsis thaliana: ATG8a UniProt: Q8LEM4 ATG8B UniProt: Q9XEB5 ATG8c UniProt: Q8S927 ATG8d UniProt: Q9SL04, ATG8e UniProt: Q8S926 ATG8f UniProt: Q8VYK7 and conserved below 70 % in: ATG8g UniProt: Q9LZZ9 ATG8h Uniprot: Q8S92This antibody does not recognize all isoforms into the same degree.
Ochratoxin A, a toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum, is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins in the world. The toxin has been found in the tissues and organs of animals, including human blood and breast milk. Ochratoxin A can cause immunosuppression and immunotoxicity in animals.
Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus. Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known. Crops which are frequently affected by Asperiillus include cereals (maize, sorghum, pearl millet, rice, wheat), oilseeds (peanut, soybean, sunflower, cotton), spices (chile peppers, black pepper, coriander, turmeric, ginger), and tree nuts (almond, pistachio, walnut, coconut, brazil nut).
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin occuring in grains such as barley, maize, oats, rye, and wheat. It occurs less often in rice, sorghum, and triticale. The plant pathogens Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and F. culmorum, which are causing Gibberella ear rot in maize and Fusarium head blight in wheat, are associated with the occurence of Deoxynivalenol. DON is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiterpeneoid.Alternative name: Vomitoxin.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Liquid
Storage Temp:
Store at 4°Cup to one month or in aliquots at -20 °C for long time storage. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing.
No confirmed exceptions from predicted reactivity are currently known
Selected references:
Ivanova et al. (2017). Role of P-glycoprotein in deoxynivalenol-mediated in vitro toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Nov 23;284:21-28. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.021.
Special application note:
Antibodies are present in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.2, 0.05% sodium azide as preservative
Ricin is a protein found in castor bean (Ricinus communis) acting as protein synthesis inhibitor. It is a toxin involved in plant defence. A chain of ricin can inactivate few thousands of ribosomes per minute. B chain facilitates the entry of A chain into the cell.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Store at -70 C; once reconstituted make aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Please remember to spin the tubes briefly prior to opening them to avoid any losses that might occur from material adhering to the cap or sides of the tube. , For storage at 4°Csodium azide can be added
The optimal working dilution should be determined by the investigator, for specific application
Conjugation:
IgG1
Isotype:
IgG1
Purity:
Purified IgG in PBS pH 7.4 with mannitol.
Reconstitution:
For reconstitution add 200 l of sterile water
Molecular Weight:
29,8 kDa
Not reactive in:
No confirmed exceptions from predicted reactivity are currently known
Special application note:
Antibodies have been purified by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant.Ricin detection limit is 5 ng/ml, signal to noise ratio is 15-50 up to 100 ng/mlAs detection antibody in sandwich-type ELISA, antibody, AS09 649, which is recongnizing a complimentary epitope is recommended. This product is conjugated. Suggested protocol can be found here.
Ricin is a protein found in castor bean (Ricinus communis) acting as protein synthesis inhibitor. It is a toxin involved in plant defence. A chain of ricin can inactivate few thousands of ribosomes per minute. B chain facilitates the entry of A chain into the cell.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Monoclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Store at -70 C; once reconstituted make aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Please remember to spin the tubes briefly prior to opening them to avoid any losses that might occur from material adhering to the cap or sides of the tube. , For storage at 4°Csodium azide can be added
Detected epitope is located on the surface of RTA subunit not accssible in intact ricin molecule, This antibody does not cross-react to whole ricin molecule
Application Details:
The optimal working dilution should be determined by the investigator, for specific application
Conjugation:
IgG1
Isotype:
IgG1
Purity:
Purified IgG in PBS pH 7.4 with mannitol.
Reconstitution:
For reconstitution add 200 l of sterile water
Molecular Weight:
29.8 kDa
Not reactive in:
No confirmed exceptions from predicted reactivity are currently known
Special application note:
Antibodies have been purified by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant and lyophilized from solution containing: mannitol 1%, dextran 1%, NaCl 100mM, sodium phosphate 10 mM, pH 7.5. If required, mannitol can be removed either by dialysis or by chromatography using mini columns Sephadex G50 fine. The concentration can be measured by absorbance at 280 nm (1.35 for 1 mg/ml) or by Bradford methodRicin detection limit is 5 ng/ml, signal-to-noise ratio is 15-50 up to 100 ng/mlEpitope recognized by this antibody is located on the surface of RTA subunit and not accessible in intact ricin molecule. Suggested protocol can be found here.
FtsZ (cell division GTPase) is a well characterized protein of the bacterial cell division apparatus. This protein accumulates early in dividing cells, and has a crucial role during septum formation in most bacteria as well as in chloroplasts. It has also been accepted as the bacterial cytoskeletal counterpart to eukaryotic microtubules.
Product Type:
Antibody
Antibody Type:
Polyclonal
Format:
Lyophilized
Storage Temp:
Store lyophilized/reconstituted at -20 °C; once reconstituted make aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Please remember to spin the tubes briefly prior to opening them to avoid any losses that might occur from material adhering to the cap or sides of the tube.
This antibody can be used as a loading control antibody in cyanobacteria. Immunofluorescence has been done by labelling Synechococcus elongatus cells at 30 C for 2 hours with FtsZ antibodies diluted to 1: 500 in blocking buffer. Detection images can be found in Kabeya et al (2010).This product can be sold containing ProClin if requested.
Kurmayer et al. (2020). Chemically labeled toxins or bioactive peptides show a heterogeneous intracellular distribution and low spatial overlap with autofluorescence in bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 17;10(1):2781. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59381-w. (Immunofluorescence)Zhan et al. (2018). Photobleaching Enables Super-resolution Imaging of the FtsZ Ring in the Cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus. J Vis Exp. 2018 Nov 6;(141). doi: 10.3791/58603.MacCready et al. (2016). Robust Min-System Oscillation in the Presence of Internal Photosynthetic Membranes in Cyanobacteria. Molecular Microbiology November 5 2016. doi: 10.1111/mmi.13571Probst et al. (2014). Biology of a widespread uncultivated archaeon that contributes to carbon fixation in the subsurface. Nat Commun. 2014 Nov 26;5:5497. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6497.Miyagishima et al. (2014). DipM is required for peptidoglycan hydrolysis during chloroplast division. BMC Plant Biol. 2014 Mar 6;14(1):57. (immunofluorescence)Plominsky et al. (2013). Dinitrogen Fixation Is Restricted to the Terminal Heterocysts in the Invasive Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii CS-505. PLOS ONE, Open Access.Kabeya et al (2010). The YlmG protein has a conserved function related to the distribution of nucleoids in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. BMC Plant Biology 10:57.
Special application note:
To detect E.coli FtsZ protein we recommend a following product: AS10 715 | anti-FtsZ procaryotic cell division GTPase (bacterial), rabbit antibodyTo detect FtsZ protein in higher plants following antibodies are recommended: AS09 413 | Anti-FtsZ1 and 2 | Plant cell division protein FtsZ1 and FtsZ2, rabbit antibodiesAS13 2651 | Anti-FtsZ2 | Plant cell division protein ftsZ2, rabbit antibodies
Cytosolic and membrane-bound forms of glutathione S-transferase are encoded by two distinct supergene families. At present, eight distinct classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian glutathione S-transferases have been identified: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. This gene encodes a glutathione S-transferase that belongs to the mu class. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are organized in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and are known to be highly polymorphic. These genetic variations can change an individual's susceptibility to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs. Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with an increase in a number of cancers, likely due to an increased susceptibility to environmental toxins and carcinogens. Multiple protein isoforms are encoded by transcript variants of this gene.
Product Type:
Antibodies Primary
Antibody Type:
monoclonal
Storage Temp:
4°C -20°C for long term storage
Host Animal:
mouse
Immunogen:
Purified recombinant fragment of human GSTM1 expressed in E. Coli.
Cytosolic and membrane-bound forms of glutathione S-transferase are encoded by two distinct supergene families. At present, eight distinct classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian glutathione S-transferases have been identified: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. This gene encodes a glutathione S-transferase that belongs to the mu class. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are organized in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and are known to be highly polymorphic. These genetic variations can change an individual's susceptibility to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs. Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with an increase in a number of cancers, likely due to an increased susceptibility to environmental toxins and carcinogens. Multiple protein isoforms are encoded by transcript variants of this gene.
Product Type:
Antibodies Primary
Antibody Type:
monoclonal
Storage Temp:
4°C -20°C for long term storage
Host Animal:
mouse
Immunogen:
Purified recombinant fragment of human GSTM1 expressed in E. Coli.
Polyspecific organic cation transporters in the liver, kidney, intestine, and other organs are critical for elimination of many endogenous small organic cations as well as a wide array of drugs and environmental toxins. This gene is one of three similar cation transporter genes located in a cluster on chromosome 6. The encoded protein contains twelve putative transmembrane domains and is a plasma integral membrane protein. Tissue specificity: Widely expressed with high level in liver.
Product Type:
Antibodies Primary
Antibody Type:
monoclonal
Storage Temp:
4°C -20°C for long term storage
Host Animal:
mouse
Immunogen:
Purified recombinant fragment of human SLC22A1 expressed in E. Coli.
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