TV-1 recognizes fibronectin in frozen and paraffin sections of human, pig, mouse and rat tissues. Specifically, it stains this extracellular adhesive glycoprotein in connective tissues and blood vessels. TV-1 does not recognize the soluble dimeric form of fibronectin (plasma fibronectin) but strongly stains matrix fibronectin in tissues. Cellular fibronectin is widely distributed in the stroma of many malignant tumors
Antibody Isotype:
IgG1-K
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
TV-1 (2755-8, EP-5)
Concentration:
100 ug/ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Epstein, AL. et al. Cancer Res. 55(12): 2673-80 (1995)
The antibody reacts with an internal epitope of MRP1, a 180-195 kD transmembrane transporter protein overexpressed in various human non-P-glycoprotein MDR tumor cell lines. MRPm5 was raised against a bacterial fusion protein of MRP1, containing amino acids 986-1204 of the protein. MRPm5 does not cross-react with the human MDR1 and MDR3 gene products.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG2a
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
MRPm5
Concentration:
100 ug/ ml
Format:
Protein G purified
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.1% BSA and 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Cole S et al. Science 1992; 258: 1650-1654
References 2:
Flens M et al. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 4557-4563
References 3:
Zaman et al. Proc Nat Acad Sci 1994; 91: 8822-8826
VU-4H5 reacts with the protein core of MUC1, an apical cell side epithelial marker which is upregulated or switched on in the majority of carcinomas. The dominant epitope of VU-4H5 is PDTR, located in the VNTR domain of MUC1. In tissue sections, VU-4H5 also displays prominent staining of the cytoplasm.
The catenins, (alpha, beta and gamma) are cytoplasmic proteins which bind to the highly conserved tail of the E-cadherin molecule. Beta-catenin is a component of the adherens junction, a multiprotein complex which supports Ca2+ -dependent cell-to-cell contact, which in itself is critical for adhesion, signal transmission and for anchoring the actin cytoskeleton. Beta-catenin's role is as a transcription effector of the wnt-signaling pathway. Immunohistochemistry is the best way to demonstrate nuclear expression of beta-catenin and wnt-pathway activation. This aberrant expression is observed in human tumorigenesis, and especially in colorectal cancer.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG2a
Monosan Range:
MONXtra
Clone:
17C2
Concentration:
Greater than or equal to 51 mg/L
Storage buffer:
Tissue culture supernatant with sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Curia MC et al. Modern Pathology. 2008; 21:7-14
References 2:
Ortega P et al. Clinical Cancer Research. 2008; 14(14):995-1001
References 3:
Daa T et al. J. of Exp.Clin.Cancer Research. 2005; 24(1):83-87
References 4:
Fadare O et al. World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2005; 3(38)
References 5:
Gamachi A et al.Modern Pathology. 2003; 16(11):1124-1131
IBL-3/25 is directed against the ?-chain of CD8. The CD8 complex consists of a disulphide-linked ?/? heterodimer with a MW of 30 kDa or an ?/? homodimer with a MW of 32 kDa. The CD8 molecule binds to HLA class I molecules during interaction of CD8+ T-cells with antigenpresenting cells or with target cells. CD8+ T-cells include most of the cytotoxic T-cells.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG-K
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
IBL-3/25
Concentration:
100 ug/ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Knapp W. et. al. Leukocyte Typing IV, p342-343, (1989)
References 2:
Parnes JR, Semin Immunol 6: 221-229 (1994)
References 3:
Delon J. et al. Immunity 9(4): 467-73 (1998)
References 4:
Akimoto H, et al. Immunology 95(2): 214-218 (1998)
EBS-CD-005 recognizes the CD6 molecule, a single chain transmembrane glycoprotein of 120 kDa, which is expressed on the majority of mature T-cells an mature thymocytes. A B-cell subset is weakly positive and B-CLLs may also be reactive. CD6 is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein that is tyrosine phosphorylated during TCR-mediated T-cell activation. CD6 shows significant homology to CD5. Antibodies to CD6 are used to deplete T-cells from bone marrow transplants to prevent graft versus host disease.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG1-K
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
EBS-CD-005
Concentration:
100 ug/ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Yssel et al., Cell. Immunol. 105: 161 (1987)
References 2:
Kamoun et al., J. Immunol. 127: 987 (1981)
References 3:
Reinherz et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 79: 6047 (1982)
The monoclonal antibody DCN47.5 reacts with the C-type lectin, DC-SIGN (CD209), exclusively expressed on human dendritic cells (DC). DC are specialized antigen presenting cells and bridge the innate and the adaptive immune system. They provide high levels of costimulation necessary for activation of both naïve and antigen-experienced T-cells. Immature DC are capable to migrate to inflammatory sites, capture antigen and process it internally to form MHC-peptide complexes. Following antigen uptake, DC undergo maturation and migrate to lymphoid organs where they can present MHC-peptide complexes to resting T-cells and drive T-cell proliferation. During differentiation and maturation of DC, several phenotypic surface markers are expressed: CD1a, CD4, CD11, CD40, CD86, and HLA-DR. Immature DC predominantly express CCR5 which enables DC to migrate to inflammatory sites, whereas mature DC express high levels of CXCR4, a receptor that facilitates migration to lymphoid organs.</br> DC also express DC-specific, ICAM-3 grabbing, nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), a 44 kDa C-type lectin that binds to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120, ICAM-3 on T-cells and ICAM-2 on endothelial cells. HIV virions are able to infect cells expressing CD4 and the chemokine co-receptors CCR5 or CXCR4 and can attach to DC-SIGN to extend virion lifespan. Therefore, DC are candidates for HIV-1 infection. DC-SIGN-ICAM-3 binding is integrin-independent but calcium-dependent and antibodies reactive against DC-SIGN can be used to study DC-SIGN-ICAM3 binding.</br> The monoclonal antibody DCN47.5 specifically reacts with the C-type lectin DC-SIGN (CD209) expressed on human dendritic cells and inhibits binding of DC-SIGN to ICAM-2 on endothelial cells.
T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1 (TCL1, TCL1A, p14TCL1) is a 14 kDa product of the TCL1 gene that is involved in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL). TCL1 protein is normally found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of lymphoid lineage cells during early embryogenesis. TCL1 is expressed in differentiated Bcells under both reactive and neoplastic conditions, antigen committed B-cells, and in germinal center B-cells. The Anti-TCL1 immunohistochemical reactivity is reportedly useful identifying B-cell lymphomas including follicular lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
MRQ-7
Concentration:
n/a
Storage buffer:
Tris Buffer, pH 7.3-7.7, containing 1% BSA and <0.1% Sodium Azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Takizawa J, et al. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1998; 89:712-8
References 2:
Narducci MG, et al. Cancer Res. 2000; 60:2095-100
References 3:
Rodig SJ, et al. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32:113-22
References 4:
Herling M, et al. Leukemia. 2006; 20:280-5
References 5:
Pescarmona E, et al. Histopathology. 2006; 49:343-8
SV40, Simian Virus 40 is a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. Like other polyomaviruses, SV40 is a DNA virus that has the potential to cause tumors. SV40 is believed to suppress the transcriptional properties of tumor-suppressing p53 in humans through the SV40 large T-antigen and SV40 small T-antigen. It is generally assumed that large T-antigen is the major protein involved in neoplastic processes and the large T-antigen predominantly exerts its effect through deregulation of tumor suppressor p53, which is responsible for initiating regulated cell death (apoptosis), or cell cycle arrest when a cell is damaged. A mutated p53 gene may contribute to uncontrolled cellular proliferation, leading to a tumor.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG2a
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
MRQ-4
Concentration:
n/a
Storage buffer:
Tris Buffer, pH 7.3-7.7, containing 1% BSA and <0.1% Sodium Azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Gurney, E.G., et al. J Virl. 34:752-763 (1980)
References 2:
Huang, H., Reis,R. et al. Brain Pathol., 9:33-42 (1999)
References 3:
Arrington, A.S., et al. Molecular and Clinical Perspectives; 461-489 (2001)
The monoclonal antibody M.Ab.F11 recognizes junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) also known as the human platelet F11-Receptor (F11R) or JAM-1. JAM-A is a surface glycoprotein duplex (32 and 35 kDa) belongingto the immunoglobulin superfamily found on the surface of human platelets and at intercellular junctions of endothelial cells and epithelial cells. JAM-A belongs together with JAM-C (JAM-2) and JAM-B (VE-JAM or JAM-3) to a family of adhesion proteins with a V-C2 immunoglobulin domain organization. JAM-A plays an important role in tight junctions where it is involved in cell-to-cell adhesion through homophilic interactions. It co-distributes with other tight junction components such as ZO-1, 7H6 antigen, cingulin and occludin. Moreover, JAM-A plays a role in platelet aggregation, secretion, adhesion, spreading.<br /> In the platelet, JAM-A is a membrane protein involved in 2 distinct processes initiated on the platelet surface. Namely,, antibody-induced platelet aggregation and secretion both dependent on FcgammaRII and GPIIb/IIIa integrin, a process that may be involved in pathophysiological processes associated with certain thrombocytopenias and secondly, antibody mediated platelet adhesion independent from FcgammaRII or- fibrinogen receptor that appears to play a role in physiological processes associated with platelet adhesion and aggregation. A physiological role for the JAM-A protein was demonstrated by its phosphorylation after the stimulation of platelets by thrombin and collagen. A pathophysiological role for the JAM-A was revealed by demonstrating the presence of JAM-A antibodies in patients with thrombocytopenia. Adhesion of platelets through JAM-A resulted in events characteristic of the action of cell adhesion molecules. Recent data suggests a role for JAM-A in the adhesion of platelets to cytokine-inflamed endothelial cells and thus in thrombosis and atherosclerosis induced in non-denuded blood vessels by inflammatory processes.
BM-5 is specific marker for human myeloid cells and an early marker of myeloid differentiation. It recognizes a nuclear and cytoplasmic antigen present in granulocytes, monocytes, and myeloid precursor cells. It also reacts with a subset of myeloid leukemia cells. BM-5 has no reactivity with any other cell type in human tissues.
EBS-CD-025 reacts with a 45 kDa glycopeptide which is a type II membrane glycoprotein with a transmembrane sequence near the regulation of lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Its ligand is CD31. CD38 is found on early cells of B and T lineages and on activated B- and tcells. It is not found on most mature resting peripheral lymphocytes. Also positive are thymus cells and Ig secreting plasma cells. The CD34+ and CD38- population of hematopoietic stems cells defines the most pluripotent cells (e.g. blast colony forming cells). EBS-CD-025 antibody blocks the EBS-CD-026 epitope, and vice versa.
It recognizes a transmembrane glycoprotein of 95 kDa, identified as CD18 or intergrin-2 (Workshop III). It complexes non-covalently with either L, M, or X integrin (CD11a, b, or c) to form the heterodimers. LFA-1, MAC-1, and p150,95, respectively. LFA-1 is the receptor for three members of the Ig supergene family of proteins, ICAM-1 (CD54, ICCAM-2 (CD102), and Mac-1 and p150,95 bind to ICAM-1, fibrinogen, and IC3b. ICAM-3 (CD50). CD18/CD11 heterodimeric molecules are involved with cell/cell and cell/extracellular adhesion in immune and inflammatory responses. This Mab blocks these cellular interactions. 68-5A5 was clustered at the IIIrd International Workshop on human leucocyte differentiation antigens.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG2a-K
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
68-5A5
Concentration:
100 ug/ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
McMichael A.J.et al., Leucocyte typing III, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1987)
Insulin is a protein consisting of an ?-chain of 21 amino acids and a ?-chain of 30 amino acids and produced in the ?-cells of the pancreas. 2D11-H5 is a specific insulin antibody as tested by ELISA and on human pancreatic tissue.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG1
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
2D11-H5
Concentration:
100 ug/ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
De la Tour, D, et al, Mol. Endoc. 15: 476-483 (2001)
References 2:
Rajagopal, J, et al, Science 299: 363 (2003)
References 3:
Morisset, J, et al, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 51: 1501-1513 (2003)
The antibody reacts specificly with Human IL-1RII. The IL-1 system includes two agonists (IL-1alpha and IL-1beta), converting enzymes, antagonists, two receptors (IL-1RI and IL-1RII) and the IL-1 receptor accessory protein. The IL-1RII is part of the antagonistic IL-1 mechanism. It is also known as decoy receptor and is a non signaling molecule which functions by capturing IL-1 and preventing it from interacting with the signalling IL-1RI. The decoy IL-1RII can after binding to IL-1 also recruit the IL-1 receptor accessory protein and thus inhibit by coreceptor competition. Further a soluble form of IL-1RII exists which is shed, a process in which matrix metalloproteases have been found to play a role, by various cells including monocytes, polymorphonuclear cells, B cells and fibroblasts.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG2a
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
6G5
Concentration:
100 ug/ ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.1% BSA and 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Mantovani; A et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 840: 338
The antibody reacts specificly with Human IL-1RII. The IL-1 system includes two agonists (IL-1alpha and IL-1beta), converting enzymes, antagonists, two receptors (IL-1RI and IL-1RII) and the IL-1 receptor accessory protein. The IL-1RII is part of the antagonistic IL-1 mechanism. It is also known as decoy receptor and is a non signaling molecule which functions by capturing IL-1 and preventing it from interacting with the signalling IL-1RI. The decoy IL-1RII can after binding to IL-1 also recruit the IL-1 receptor accessory protein and thus inhibit by coreceptor competition. Further a soluble form of IL-1RII exists which is shed, a process in which matrix metalloproteases have been found to play a role, by various cells including monocytes, polymorphonuclear cells, B cells and fibroblasts.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG1
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
8.5
Concentration:
100 ug/ ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.1% BSA and 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Mantovani; A et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 840: 338
PN-15 reacts with a lectin receptor like glycoprotein of 200 kDa (gp200), present in proximal renal tubules and on urothelium. The antigen is carbohydrate in nature. Other normal tissues that display the antigen include breast, parathyroid glands, thymus and epididymis. Among renal carcinomas 93% of primary and 84% of metastatic carcinomas are positive. Bladder cancers are also largely positive. Other tumor types include breast cancer, teratocarcinomas and parathyroid adenomas. The antigen, also called DEC-205, was assigned to CD205 at CD workshop VII. In the immune system it can facilitate tolerance to self-antigens through uptake of apoptosis derived material by dendritic cells, which in turn present fragments through MHC II and MHC I, either inducing or repressing immune responses, depending on the nature of concomitant signals.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG2b-kappa
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
PN-15
Concentration:
100 ug/ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Yoshida, S.O. et al, Cancer Res 49: 1802-1809 (1989)
References 2:
Li, G, et al, Anticancer Res. 20(4): 2773-8 (2000)
References 3:
Batchelder C.A. et al, Anat Rec (Hoboken) 297(8): 1392-1406 (2014)
References 4:
Cykowski M.D. et al, Ultrastruct Pathol 39(1): 69-77 (2015)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. TLRs constitute of a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate cellular responses to a large variety of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and parasites) by specific recognition of so-called âpathogen-associated molecular patternsâ. Activation of TLRs, a family of at least 11 different members that function either as homo- or heterodimers, leads to activation of NFκB-dependent and IFN-regulatory factor-dependent signaling pathways. TLRs have a central role in innate immunity and are also required for the development of an adaptive immune response. TLRs are expressed by various cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. TLRs are class I receptors, with a single ?-helix that spans the cell membrane. They recognize and respond to molecules derived from bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria, peptidoglycan fragments from bacterial cell walls and single-stranded and double-stranded RNA from viruses. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4; CD284) has been identified, next to MD-2 and CD14, as a receptor that is central to the innate immune response to LPS of Gram-negative bacteria. TLR4 is unique among TLRs in its ability to activate two distinct signaling pathways; one pathway is activated by the adaptors TIRAP (Toll/interleukin-1- receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor protein) and MyD88, which leads to the induction of proâinflammatory cytokines. The second pathway is activated by the adaptors TRIF (TIR-domaincontaining adaptor protein inducing interferonâβ) and TRAM (TRIFrelated adaptor molecule), which leads to the induction of type I interferons. The monoclonal antibody HTA125 is a TLR4 function-blocking antibody. HTA125 recognizes preferentially human TLR4 that is associated with MD-2.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG2a
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
HTA125
Concentration:
100 ug/ ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.1% BSA and 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Shimazu; R et al. J Exp Med 1999; 189: 1777
References 2:
Tabeta, K et al Infect Immun 2000, 68: 3731
References 3:
Akashi; S et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268: 172
The monoclonal antibody T2.5 recognizes human Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Toll-like receptors (TLR) are highly conserved throughout evolution and have been implicated in the innate defense to many pathogens. At present, ligands for several of the TLR's, such as TLR2-6,9, have been identified, confirming their role in first line defense against invading microorganism. In mammals, TLRs are identified as type I transmembrane signaling receptors with an extracellular portion containing leucine-rich repeats with pattern recognition capabilities. Pathogen recognition by TLRs provokes rapid activation of innate immunity by inducing proliferation of proinflammatory cytokines and upregulation of costimulatory molecules and eventually toinitiation of adaptive immunity. TLR2 has been identified as a receptor that is central to the innate immune response to lipoproteins of Gram-negative bacteria, several whole Gram-positive bacteria, as well as a receptor for peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid and other bacterial cell membrane products. It is suggested that TLR2 is able to recognize such a wide variety of PAMPs (pathogen-specific molecular patterns) by forming heterodimers with other TLRs like e.g. TLR6. TLR2 is essential for recognizing lipopeptides and lipoproteins from several microorganisms and also peptidoglycans derived from gram-positive bacteria. Bacterial species as diverse as mycobacteria, spirochetes, mycoplasma, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae have all been shown to mediate cellular activation via TLR2.
58-15 Recognizes riboncleoproteins (RNP), found predominantly in nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP) particles, one of the main components of nucleoli. It identifies cells active in the cell cycle and hence can be used to measure the mitotic activity of cell populations. Since the antibody can be used in paraffin embedded tissue sections, it can identify actively cycling cells within routinely fixed tissue specimens. 58-15 Can be considered a pan nRNP antibody. Pan nRNP antibodies provide detection for a range of RNP proteins.
Antibody Isotype:
IgM
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
58-15
Concentration:
100 ug/ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Clevenger, C.V. et al. J Histochem Cytochem 32: 757-765 (1984)
References 2:
Clevenger, C.V. et al. Cytometry 6: 208-214 (1985)
References 3:
Maryam A and Nigel WF, J Virol. 75: 12070-12080, (2001)
The antibody reacts with the ?? subunit of the integrin protein family and seems to be human specific. The antibody reacts with an extracellular epitope of the ?? integrin molecule. Mab DF5 does react with paraffin sections
CD89 (Fc-alpha-R) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein serving as a receptor for IgA. Soluble CD89 is detectable in serum and retains its IgA binding capacity. For signal transduction the association with FcR gamma chain homodimers is needed. CD89 is expressed on granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and myeloid cell lines. Its expression is upregulated in presence of IgA immune complexes, stimulators (such as LPS, PMA), TNF alpha, IL1 beta or GM-CSF, and it is downregulated in presence of TGF beta and suramin. Binding of IgA-opsonized targets to CD89 leads to phagocytic and cytotoxic processes of the immunologic defense.SpecificityThe mouse monoclonal antibody A59 recognizes an extracellular epitope of CD89, a 55-100 kDa glycoprotein serving as a receptor for IgA and expressed mainly on granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages.Application detailsFlow cytometry: Recommended dilution: 1-4 ?g/ml.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG1 kappa
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
A59
Concentration:
1 mg/ml
Format:
Purified by protein-A affinity chromatography.
Storage buffer:
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, 15 mM sodium azide
CD42b (GPIb alpha) composes together with GPIb beta, GPIX and GPV the GPIb-IX-V receptor complex critical in the process of platelet-rich thrombus formation by tethering the platelet to a thrombogenic surface. CD42b binds to von Willebrand factor (VWF) exposed at a site of vascular injury, as well as to thrombin, coagulation factors XI and XII, high molecular weight kininogen, TSP-1, integrin Mac-1 and P-selectin. The extracellular domain of CD42b by its interactions also contributes to metastasis. Specificity: The mouse monoclonal antibody A59 recognizes an extracellular epitope of CD89, a 55-100 kDa glycoprotein serving as a receptor for IgA and expressed mainly on granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Application details: Flow cytometry: Recommended dilution: 1-4 ?g/ml.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG1
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
AK2
Concentration:
1 mg/ml
Format:
Purified by protein-A affinity chromatography.
Storage buffer:
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, 15 mM sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Vettore S et al. Haematologica 2008, 93(11): 1743-7
References 2:
Welsh JD et al. J Thromb Haemost 2012, 10(11):2344-53
The monoclonal antibody 5G5 recognizes human Toll-like receptor 9. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. TLRs constitute of a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate cellular responses to a large variety of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and parasites) by specific recognition of so-called âpathogen-associated molecular patternsâ. Activation of TLRs, a family of at least 11 differentmembers that function either as homo- or heterodimers, leads to activation of NFκB-dependent and IFNregulatory factor-dependent signaling pathways. TLRs have a central role in innate immunity and are also required for the development of an adaptive immune response. TLRs are expressed by various cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. They recognize and respond to molecules derived from bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens.<br /> Whereas most TLRs are expressed on the cell surface, TLR9 is expressed intracellularly within one or more endosomal compartments and recognizes nucleic acids. TLR9 detects a rather subtle difference in the DNA of vertebrates compared with that of pathogens. Vertebrate genomic DNAs have mostly methylated CpG dinucleotides where bacterial and viral DNAs have unmethylated CpG dinucleotides. TLR9 undergoes relocation from endoplasmic reticulum to CpG-ODN-containing endosomes. In these endosomes TLR9 becomes a functional receptor after proteolytic cleavage. TLR9 exists as a preformed homodimer and CpG-ODN binding promotes its conformational change, bringing the cytoplasmic TIR-like domains close to each other. This allows a recruitment of the key adapter protein MyD88 which initiates a signalling cascade. The only human immune cell types known to constitutively express TLR9 and to be activated by CpG ODN are pDCs and B cells. TLR9 triggering induces an activation phenotype in the B cells and pDCs, characterized by the expression of costimulatory molecules, resistance to apoptosis, and induces Th1-type immune response profiles.
Antibody Isotype:
IgG2a
Monosan Range:
MONOSAN
Clone:
5G5
Concentration:
100 ug/ ml
Storage buffer:
PBS with 0.1% BSA and 0.02% sodium azide
Storage:
2-8°C
References 1:
Ahmad-Nejad; P et al. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32: 1958
References 2:
Rutz, M et al Eur J Immunol 2004, 34: 2541
References 3:
Rumio C et al. Am J Pathol 2004; 165:373
References 4:
Pratesi G et al. Cancer res 2005; 65: 6388
References 5:
Tokumasa N et al. Blood 2007; 110: 553
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